/ˈhædɪθ/ or /hɑːˈdiːθ/) (plural: hadith, hadiths, or aḥādīth) is used to denote a saying or an act or tacit approval or criticism ascribed either validly or invalidly to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Hadith are regarded by traditional Islamic schools of jurisprudence as important tools for understanding the Quran and in matters of jurisprudence.[4] Hadith were evaluated and gathered into large collections during the 8th and 9th centuries. These works are referred to in matters of Islamic law and history to this day. The two largest denominations of Islam, Shiʻism and Sunnism, have different sets of hadith collections.
In Islamic terminology, the term hadith refers to reports of
statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism
of something said or done in his presence.[7] Classical hadith specialist Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani says that the intended meaning of hadith in religious tradition is something attributed to Muhammad, as opposed to the Quran.[8] Other associated words possess similar meanings including: khabar (news, information) often refers to reports about Muhammad, but sometimes refers to traditions about his companions and their successors from the following generation; conversely, athar
(trace, vestige) usually refers to traditions about the companions and
successors, though sometimes connotes traditions about Muhammad. The
word sunnah (custom) is also used in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad or the early Muslim community
Categories of Hadith
- Ṣaḥīḥ - transmitted through an unbroken chain of narrators all of whom are of sound character and memory. Such a hadith should not clash with a more reliable report and must not suffer from any other hidden defect.[2]
- Ḥasan - transmitted through an unbroken chain of narrators all of whom are of sound character but weak memory. This hadith should not clash with a more reliable report and must not suffer from any other hidden defect.[3]
- Ḍaʻīf - which cannot gain the status of hasan because it lacks one or more elements of a hasan hadith. (For example, if the narrator is not of sound memory and sound character, or if there is a hidden fault in the narrative or if the chain of narrators is broken).[4]
- Mawḍūʻ - fabricated and wrongly ascribed to Muhammad.[5]
- Maqlūb - It is that hadith, in two different narrations of which the names of narrators have been changed.
- Khabar-i mutawatir (also called khabar-i mashhur) - A mutawatir hadith is reported by such a large number of narrators that cannot be perceived to have jointly forged and narrated a tradition about an issue without a compelling force.[6] Sometimes a hadith is believed to be khabar-i mashhur. But a little research reveals that it has been transmitted by a single narrator in each of first three layers in the isnād. Such narratives are reported by a large number of reporters in the third or fourth layer. In the opinion of Amin Ahsan Islahi, all such narratives which are usually termed as khabar-i mutawatir should be thoroughly investigated.[1]
- Khabar-i wāhid (pl.: akhbār-i āhād)- signifies a historical narrative that falls short of yielding certain knowledge. Even if more than one person reports the narrative, that does not make it certain and conclusive truth except when the number of narrators reporting it grows to the level that the possibility of their consensus on forging a lie is perfectly removed. Most of the hadith literature consists of individual isolated narratives.
Hadith Qudsi
Hadith Qudsi (or Sacred Hadith) is a sub-category of hadith which are sayings of Muhammad. Muslims regard the Hadith Qudsi as the words of God (Arabic: Allah), repeated by Muhammad and recorded on the condition of an isnad. According to as-Sayyid ash-Sharif al-Jurjani, the Hadith Qudsi differ from the Quran in that the former were revealed in a dream or through revelation and are "expressed in Muhammad's words", whereas the latter are the "direct words of God".An example of a Hadith Qudsi is the hadith of Abu Hurairah who said that Muhammad said: "When God decreed the Creation He pledged Himself by writing in His book which is laid down with Him: My mercy prevails over My wrath" (wikipedia.org)
Reference's Books:
Explanation of Ayat al-Kursi
Daughter of Another Path
Turning Moslem in Texas
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